bheisler/criterion.rs

> Statistics-driven microbenchmarking for Rust — regression detection on stable, at the cost of wall-clock noise sensitivity.

GitHub repo · Book / docs · License: Apache-2.0 OR MIT

Overview

Criterion.rs is the de facto standard benchmarking library for Rust. Modeled on Bryan O'Sullivan's Haskell Criterion, it exists because the language's built-in #[bench] harness (libtest) has been nightly-only for a decade. Criterion runs on stable Rust and replaces libtest's single-number output with a statistical pipeline: warm-up, sampling, linear regression, bootstrap confidence intervals, and — its defining feature — automatic comparison against the previous run with a significance test ("change: [-2.1% +0.8%] (p = 0.32)"). First published to crates.io in December 2017 by Brook Heisler[^1]; the repository itself dates to 2014, from Jorge Aparicio's original prototype that Heisler took over and rewrote[^2].

The project's central tension is measurement fidelity versus convenience. It measures wall-clock time, which is easy and portable but noisy: CPU frequency scaling, thermal throttling, and shared CI runners routinely produce ±5% swings that its p-value machinery will flag as "regressions." Instruction-count-based tools (iai-callgrind) trade portability for determinism; Criterion chose the opposite corner, and most of its production footguns follow from that choice.

Maintenance history matters here. After 0.5.1 (May 2023) the repo went quiet for two years; 0.6.0 (May 2025) and 0.7.0 (July 2025) shipped under new maintainers, and in 2026 active development moved to a separate criterion-rs GitHub organization because Heisler had been absent for extended periods[^3]. The bheisler repo (5.5k stars) still holds the history and most inbound links, but new issues and PRs are directed to criterion-rs/criterion.rs. Repo activity metrics for the old location understate the project's actual liveness.

Getting Started

# Cargo.toml
[dev-dependencies]
criterion = "0.7"

[[bench]]
name = "my_benchmark"
harness = false          # required — disables libtest's harness

// benches/my_benchmark.rs
use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
use std::hint::black_box;

fn fibonacci(n: u64) -> u64 {
    match n { 0 => 1, 1 => 1, n => fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2) }
}

fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
    c.bench_function("fib 20", |b| b.iter(|| fibonacci(black_box(20))));
}

criterion_group!(benches, criterion_benchmark);
criterion_main!(benches);

Run with cargo bench; filter with cargo bench -- fib. Results and HTML reports land in target/criterion/.

Architecture / How It Works

Each benchmark goes through a fixed pipeline[^4]:

1. Warm-up (default 3 s) — runs the routine to stabilize caches, branch predictors, and frequency governors, and to estimate iteration cost. 2. Measurement (default 5 s, 100 samples) — samples are taken at linearly increasing iteration counts. Timing many iterations per sample amortizes clock granularity, which is what lets Criterion resolve sub-nanosecond routines with a nanosecond-resolution clock. 3. Analysis — a linear regression of total time against iteration count estimates per-iteration time; bootstrap resampling produces confidence intervals for mean, median, slope, and standard deviation. Outliers are classified with Tukey's fences but not discarded. 4. Comparison — statistics are compared against the saved run in target/criterion/ (or a named --save-baseline/--baseline snapshot), with a significance test and a configurable noise_threshold deciding whether to report improvement/regression.

Because harness = false hands main to Criterion, each bench target is its own binary with Criterion's own CLI (filters, --quick, baseline flags). Measurement is pluggable via the Measurement trait — third-party crates swap wall time for hardware perf counters (criterion-perf-events) or cycle counts. Async routines are supported through executor adapters for Tokio, async-std, and smol. Plot generation uses gnuplot if found on $PATH, silently falling back to the pure-Rust plotters backend; the companion cargo-criterion binary offloads report generation out of the library. black_box — needed to stop LLVM from constant-folding your benchmark away — is now the std one (std::hint::black_box), after years of a volatile-read workaround on stable.

Production Notes

Baselines are machine-local. Numbers in target/criterion/ are not portable across machines, CPU generations, or even power profiles. Comparing a laptop baseline against a CI run is meaningless.
CI is hostile territory. Shared runners (GitHub Actions included) have noisy neighbors and variable clocks; expect false regressions at the default thresholds. Common mitigations: raise noise_threshold, use dedicated bare-metal runners, or move CI regression-gating to iai-callgrind and keep Criterion for local investigation.
Setup leaks into measurement if you let it. b.iter(|| ...) times the whole closure. Per-iteration setup must go through iter_batched / iter_with_setup, and the BatchSize choice (per-iteration vs large-batch) materially changes results for allocation-heavy setup.
Missing harness = false is the classic first-run failure — libtest intercepts the bench binary's CLI and Criterion's flags error out.
Compile-time cost is real. Criterion pulls a deep dev-dependency tree (clap, serde, plotters, rayon, …) and every bench target is a separate binary; cold cargo bench builds on medium crates take minutes. Disabling default features trims some of it.
Wall-time only, by default. No allocation counts, no cache stats. Reach for the Measurement trait, iai-callgrind, or divan's allocation profiling when "faster" needs a why.
Watch the repo split. Pinning criterion = "0.5" (still extremely common in the ecosystem) means missing two years of fixes; upstream is now the criterion-rs org[^3], and future releases will come from there.

When to Use / When Not

Use when:

You need benchmarks on stable Rust with statistical regression detection.
You are optimizing locally and want HTML reports, historical comparison, and outlier-aware statistics rather than a single mean.
You benchmark async code or need throughput (bytes/elements per second) reporting.

Avoid when:

You need deterministic CI gating — instruction-count tools (iai-callgrind) don't flap on noisy runners.
Benchmark-suite compile time or dependency footprint matters — divan is far lighter and its attribute API is terser.
You are timing whole programs or CLIs — hyperfine operates at process level.
You need cross-machine comparability — no wall-clock harness gives you that.

Alternatives

nvzqz/divan — attribute-macro benchmarks with much lighter dependencies and built-in allocation profiling; use it when Criterion's compile cost and ceremony outweigh its statistics.
iai-callgrind/iai-callgrind — Cachegrind-based instruction counting; use it for deterministic regression gates in CI (Linux + Valgrind required).
sharkdp/hyperfine — CLI-level benchmarking of whole commands, not functions.
bheisler/iai — Heisler's original instruction-count experiment; effectively superseded by iai-callgrind.
rust-lang libtest #[bench] — built-in but nightly-only and statistically naive; only sensible inside the rust-lang toolchain itself.

History

| Version | Date | Notes | |---------|------|-------| | 0.1.0 | 2017-12 | First crates.io release under Heisler; stable-Rust harness, gnuplot reports[^1]. | | 0.2.0 | 2018-02 | Early API expansion; start of the long 0.2.x series. | | 0.3.0 | 2019-08 | Measurement trait for pluggable measurements; plotters backend and async executor support followed in the 0.3.x series. | | 0.4.0 | 2022-09 | Breaking cleanup after three years of 0.3.x. | | 0.5.1 | 2023-05 | Last release of the Heisler era. | | 0.6.0 | 2025-05 | First release after a two-year hiatus, under new maintainers. | | 0.7.0 | 2025-07 | Current major line. | | — | 2026 | Development moves to the criterion-rs GitHub organization[^3]. |

References

[^1]: criterion crate versions on crates.io. https://crates.io/crates/criterion/versions [^2]: Criterion.rs book, FAQ — project origins and comparison with libtest. https://bheisler.github.io/criterion.rs/book/faq.html [^3]: bheisler/criterion.rs README — migration notice to the criterion-rs organization. https://github.com/bheisler/criterion.rs#readme [^4]: Criterion.rs book, "Analysis Process". https://bheisler.github.io/criterion.rs/book/analysis.html

Wiki: bheisler/criterion.rs